国际医学期刊编辑委员会(International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE)制订的“生物医学期刊投稿统一要求”(Uniform Requirements forManuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, URM)在国际期刊界具有十分广泛的影响。ICMJE每年召开年会并对URM进行修订,为统一并简化参考文献的著录,ICMJE于1978年1月在加拿大温哥华集会并在URM中规定了参考文献的“顺序编码制”著录方式,目前该著录方式已被国际性科技期刊广泛采用,并被称为参考文献著录的“温哥华体系”。
URM中有关作者署名资格的规定也同样具有广泛影响,长期以来被国际期刊界视为“金标准”(Gold Standard)。2013年8月,ICMJE将URM修订为“Recommendations for theConduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals”,其中有关作者署名资格的规定增加了第4条,具体如下:
(1)对构思或设计,数据获取、分析或解读有实质性贡献;(Substantial contributions to the conception or designof the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for thework; AND)
(2)起草文章,或对文章的重要智力内容进行过重要的修改;(Drafting the work or revising it critically forimportant intellectual content; AND)
(3)同意最终版本被公开发表;(Final approval of the version to be published; AND)
(4)在调查和解决研究工作的准确或诚信问题时同意对研究工作的各方面负责。(Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of thework are appropriately investigated and resolved.)
除了负责本人的研究贡献外,作者应明白研究工作各部分的责任作者,并应确信共同作者对其研究贡献的诚信。(In addition to being accountable for the parts of the work he orshe has done, an author should be able to identify which co-authors areresponsible for specific other parts of the work. In addition, authors shouldhave confidence in the integrity of the contributions of their co-authors.)
http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html
由上可见, 作者的署名不仅仅意味着荣誉和利益, 同时也表明了责任, 即: 参与署名的所有人都有义务对所发表研究成果的科学性和真实性负责。论文的执笔人或主要作者应尽可能地谢绝上司、同事或朋友的“搭车”署名, 以免淡化自己的贡献; 另一方面, 也绝不可以遗漏应该署名的作者或擅自将与论文不相干的人署为作者, 以免对他人造成不必要的伤害。