“方法和材料”这部分虽然并不是文章中最开头的内容，但是有写作经验的朋友一般都喜欢先写这部分，甚至有的科研高手在做实验的同时就把这部分搞定了。这部分需要提供实验过程的清晰描述以及选择的具体的实验方法，应该尽量详细，以便读者可以根据这部分的描述来重复实验过程并重现结果。这也就要求大家在平时做实验时做好实验记录，包括时间（比如农学中的播种时间，收获时间等）、所用仪器、药品的型号和厂商等信息以及实验设置参数等等各种细节。很多文章的审稿人在审稿的时候看完了题目摘要，接下来要看的就是方法和材料这部分，因为文章的科学严谨性以及一篇文章值不值得看它的结果主要就是由这部分来判断，所以请务必详细说明实验的各种细节。

这部分主要使用过去时来描述在完成实验时所执行的操作。应至少描述以下几点：

• 1. Experimental setup

• 2. Materials and Data collection （为了总结方便，把Materials和Data collection的常用句式放到了一起做为第2点，但很多文章的方法材料部分应该首先写Materials）

• 3. Data analysis

• 4. Statistical testing

所用的常用句式如下：

大家在看以下内容的时候，除了看句式以外，也可以着重注意一下所用的常用词汇，比如怎样描述一项实验被“进行/开展”了，下面的句式中至少用到了 “employed, performed, investigated, 和carried out”等。大家也可以看看在主动句式中用来描述开展一项实验常用的词汇有哪些。这样，就可以把不同的常用词汇添加到不同的常用句式中，这也就是自己“创造”的句子了，不仅合乎写作规范，又减少了写作中的重复率。

1. Experimental setup:

• The materials used in this study include __

• This experimental design was employed because __

• In the course of the experiment, __ played an important role.

• The experiments were performed with __

• This was experimentally investigated by __

• Most experiments have been carried out with __

• The main focus of the experiments was to calculate __

• Prior to each experiment __

• The experiments are completely based on __

• In our preliminary experiments we estimated that __

• In this experiment, we introduced a __

• Methods were based on previous experiments __

• This proceeds in two stages: __

• In this experiment, we introduced a __

• We consider the setup generic, however, __

• This was designed to acquire approximately __

• These were designed in such a way that __

• This experimental design was employed because __

• This was specifically designed for __

• This was designed to acquire approximately __

2. Materials and Data collection:

• There were __ participants in this sample.

• Participants first provided informed consent about __

• We performed additional data collection with __

• For this study, we analyzed the data collected from __

• The data are less clear-cut than __

• Data were collected and maintained by __

• For this purpose, we employ survey data collected from __

• The application employs data obtained from __

• The analyzed data included: __

• The procedures of handling the data followed the suggestions of __

• Subsequently, __ were then used to elicit further data.

• The experimental data on __ is very scarce.

• The data in this work consists of __

• Survey data were collected from __

• This study used different data collection methods such as __

• The quality can be enhanced by providing additional data for__

• Such data are prone to __

• We utilize secondary data from __

• The data was divided into __

• Participants in the first data collection were __

• The sample was heterogeneous with respect to __

• The sample size in this study was not considered large enough for__

• We cannot deny the presence of some sample selection biases because __

• The sample of respondents included __

• The researchers pooled samples to __

• The sample strategy was the same as for__

3. Data analysis:

• However, there are trends in our data to suggest that __

• The trend values were then subjected to __

• We analyzed data as a function of __

• We used an established technique, namely __, to analyses __

• This showed a judgement error of __

• To investigate this statistically, we calculated __

• A __ test was used to determine the significance of data

• Data were analyzed and correlated with __

• The data are presented in Table __

• We undertake the empirical analysis using data collected in __

• The data is analyzed from different points of view such as __

• Missing values were replaced using __

• This analysis was confined to __

4. Statistical testing:

• We explored these effects statistically by __

• Statistical analyses was performed by using the __ applying a significance level of __

• This was normally distributed throughout the study population.

• Significant differences in the __ remained.

• This was the only parameter that had a statistically significant correlation with __

• We used __ statistics to report __

• The correlation between __ and __ is positive and statistically significant at __

• We calculate __ statistic to test the null hypothesis that __

• In order to obtain statistically representative __ it is required to __

• To investigate this statistically, we calculated __

• Descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables used in the study using __

• The significance testing was based on __

• All statistical analyses were performed using __