编者按
本文汇总了四组英语写作中的“冤家词汇”,因样貌相近常被写作者误甲为乙,生出歧义。为了避免让错用延续,特地按照组别各述异同,以此正名。内容源自意得辑专家视点网站,经重新编译后发布。
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1. e.g.、i.e.和namely
e.g.
e.g.是拉丁语词组exempli gratia的缩写,意为例如,常在句中作说明用。譬如例句中以e.g.引出所观测的变量,包括降水量、温度、相对湿度。不过e.g.所跟举例并非穷尽性质的,如果想列出实验中的所有变量,e.g.不够精准。
例
A number of weather variables were recorded, e.g. precipitation, temperature, and relative humidity.
namely.
穷尽性质的举例说明由namely引出会更加准确,你或许见过它的拉丁语模样viz.。当例句中出现namely,表明所有变量都已被提及,再无其他受评指标。
例
The present paper evaluates the effect of major weather variables, namely precipitation, temperature, and relative humidity, on crop growth.
i.e.
i.e.同为拉丁语缩写,全称是id est,有“换言之”的意思。i.e.通常用于分隔两个同样含义的词,借后者对前者作解释,例句中即是用rainfall and snowfall定义precipitation。可以将i.e.引导的句子成分看作限定定语。
例
Data on precipitation, i.e. rainfall and snowfall, were collected from local weather offices.
2. almost和nearly
almost和nearly都有几乎、差不多的意思,实难区分。哥德堡大学的研究者Göran Kjellmer认为二者的差异主要在搭配用词的属性上。
almost使用广泛,可跟副词、形容词、代词、介词。
例
almost certainly
almost impossible
almost anything
almost by definition
而nearly后面则总是搭配数词。
例
nearly 200 people
此外,只有nearly可用于否定句。
例
✔A is almost as good as B.
✔A is nearly as good as B.
✘A is not almost as good as B.
✔A is not nearly as good as B.
3. about、around和approximately
about和approximately
Use the Right Word一书中提到人们习惯将about等同于approximately互换使用,但其实about不具备表达“有多接近准确数字”的功用。
日常要想表示大约、大概,一般用5的倍数取整,比如两点十五分左右,差不多一百米,都可以用about。而例句中的17,并非一个折衷过的数字,用about不及用approximately更能严谨地强调数字与误差。举个更为通俗的例子,服饰卖家提供的尺码参考通常会注明“衣长52cm,可能存在误差”,就非常适合用approximately。
例
Each plot contained about 17 trees.
(约17棵树,估测模糊体量)
Each plot contained approximately 17 trees.
(约17棵树,但数字可能有误差)
about和around
Pocket Fowler's Modern English Usage中写明,about与around的用词选择仅是偏好问题,英式英语常用about,around则多见于美式英语。
4. a number of和the number of
a number of意为许多,修饰后面的跟的名词,例句中心词分别是days、people,所以谓语用复数。
例
a number of days passed
a number of people were present
the number of 表示某物数目,中心词是number,因此无论数量几何,数值都是单数。
例
The number of plants in each plot was 25.
The number of participants was greater in summer than in winter.